Association Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and MACCEs in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcers: An Ambispective Longitudinal Cohort Study

Aim: Metabolic dysfunction -related fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is closely related to metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between MAFLD and the prognosis in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the association between MAFLD and the risk of major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (MACCEs) in patients with DFUs. Methods: 889 inpatients with DFUs (PEDIS/TEXAS mild and above) were included in this study from 2013 to 2023. All participants were placed into non-MAFLD (n = 643) and MAFLD (n = 246) groups and followed up every 6 months for 10.9 years with a median of 63 months through in -person outpatient interviews and family fixed -line telephone visits. The association between MAFLD and the risk of MACCEs was evaluated through Multivariate Cox regression analyses, Stratified analyses and Kaplan -Meier survival analyses. Results: Of the 889 subjects, 214 (24.07%) experienced MACCEs. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that MAFLD was independently associated with MACCEs (P < 0.001), of which with non -fatal myocardial infarction (P = 0.04), non -fatal stroke (P = 0.047), coronary artery revascularization (P = 0.002), heart failure (P = 0.029), and all -cause mortality (P = 0.021), respectively. The stratified analysis revealed that compared with non-MAFLD (HR=1), DFUs with MAFLD had a 2.64 -fold increased risk for MACCEs (P <0.001; P for interaction = 0.001) in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) subgroup. Kaplan -Meier analysis evidenced that the MAFLD group had a higher cumulative incidence of MACCEs (log -rank, all P < 0.05). Conclusion: MAFLD is a high -risk factor for MACCEs in patients with DFUs. The findings will remind clinicians to pay more attention to MAFLD in patients with DFUs, especially in patients with DFUs combined with PAD as early as possible in clinical practice and adopt timely effective intervention strategies to prevent the occurrence of MACCEs to improve the clinical prognosis in patients with DFUs.