Evaluation of different topography of TiO2 nanotube morphologies on Ti6Al4V alloy plate for in-vitro studies in orthopaedic application

Medical attention is needed to overcome the haemocompatibility of Ti alloy implants, where nanotechnology is one of the concerned subjects. In the present study, a combined electrochemical approach was employed to access in-vitro studies on Ti6Al4V alloy (Ti64). A higher bath temperature with specific field potential was used for the formation of nanotubes. In-vitro haemocompatibility (platelet adhesion (PA) and staining) study had been conducted on TiO2 nanotube composite samples, which were derived by varying electrochemical parameters [51 nm (high pore density), 61 nm (moderate pore density), and 72 nm (lowest pore density)] with divergent topography in fresh electrolytes. Platelet adhesion and composition were observed under FE-SEM and EDS. Image J software was used to analyse the various topographies. Haemolysis rate (HR) and PA tests were conducted to evaluate biocompatibility. Topography of 61 and 72 nm TiO2 nanotube (TNT) had shown better HR. Additionally, the MTT assay had shown higher cell viability. Besides, fluorescence microscopy had revealed maximum staining of adhered platelets on 51 nm TNT, obtained with the highest pore density.