The Definition of the Tibial Sagittal Plane and the Paradox of Imageless Navigation and Robotics: A Cadaveric Study

Background: The accuracy, precision, and repeatability by which the tibial sagittal plane can be found with imageless technology is currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify any differences between imageless and image-based technology to define the sagittal plane of the tibia. Methods: A computed tomography (CT) was obtained of 18 cadavers with the knee fully extended. The surgical trans-epicondylar axis and several tibial rotation references were acquired on the CT scan. After a medial parapatellar approach, the same anatomical landmarks were acquired in vivo. In the horizontal plane, the angle between the surgical trans-epicondylar axis and the tibial rotational axes was assessed. Results: Highest accuracy was found for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)eanterior cruciate ligament (ACL, -1.48 degrees, standard deviation [SD] 13.64; imageless), tibial medial condyle (TMC)etibial lateral condyle (TLC, 1.72 degrees, SD 4.24; image-based), the ACL-medial border of tibial tuberosity (MTT, -2.89 degrees, SD 18.86; image-based). Highest precision was acquired with image-based technology: TMC-TLC (SD 4.24), PCL-ACL (SD 5.86), and PCL-medial third of tibial tuberosity (M3TT, SD 7.10). Excellent intraobserver and interobserver correlation coefficients were observed with image-based technology: PCL-MTT, anterior medial condyle (AMC)-anterior lateral condyle (ALC), and TMC-TLC (Intraobserver and interobserver correlation coefficients 0.90-0.98). Conclusion: The tibial sagittal plane could be defined with highest accuracy, precision, and repeatability on a preoperative CT. Imageless methodology lacked the precision and repeatability of image-based technology. With the current pursuit of high accuracy and precision in total knee arthroplasty, the reference frame used to quantify implant position should be highly accurate and precise as well. Level of evidence: IV, Case Series. (c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.