Dynamic transport of particulate organic carbon in the Yellow River during dam-orientated Water-Sediment Regulation

The Yellow River has experienced prolific environmental changes from dam regulations that have significantly altered the downstream hydrologic regime, and transport of sediment and POC within the river-coast continuum. Here, we investigated the contrasting changes in sources and transport of POC from the lower Yellow River to the river mouth, at two different stages (e.g., Water vs. Sediment regulation) of dam operation -during the period of Water-Sediment Regulation Scheme (WSRS). Riverbed erosion downstream the Xiaolangdi Dam contributed the POC with more enriched delta 13C stable isotopic values, along with those more isotopically depleted POC from ri-parian floodplains and the reservoir at the Water-regulation stage, when clear water was released from the reservoir. At the Sediment-regulation stage, muddy floodwaters were released, while soil-derived POC and fine-grained sediment released from the reservoir became dominant with evidently increasing POC content. The dispersal and distribution of river-laden POC at the river mouth were primarily modulated by the plume dy-namics, as remotely impacted by dam regulation, in combination with the dynamic shear front. As a result, the POC distribution was confined within 10 km off the river mouth due to the rapid deposition of coarse-grained sediments. In contrast, the fine-grained sediment and more isotopically depleted POC, from modern sources (e.g., C3 vascular plant), were delivered to the far-field plume region. POC transport along the Yellow River-Estuary continuum exhibited complex behaviors, coupled with natural and dam-regulated drivers, on a vari-ety of spatial-temporal scales. These findings provide important insights into dynamic linkages on how coastal carbon cycling can be significantly altered, remotely from the upstream dam regulations, in a large global river system.