Electrospun nanoyarns: A comprehensive review of manufacturing methods and applications

The global smart textile industry is estimated to reach 5.9 billion by 2026. However current textiles are limited due to the number of materials that can be incorporated into textiles that provide functionality and due to the use of bulky and rigid electronics. Nanofibers provide an avenue to address these limitations. Additionally, by incorporating nanofibers into textiles, functionality, and properties can be controlled from the nanoscale to the macroscale. A new method of incorporating nanofibers into textiles is by transforming nanofibers into nanoyarns. Nanoyarns would expand the applications of smart textiles to include bioactive scaffolds, tissue engineering, sensors, solar cells, and batteries. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of different manufacturing methods for producing nanoyarns and their applications in tissue engineering and energy.