Review of the anticancer properties of 6-shogaol: Mechanisms of action in cancer cells and future research opportunities

Cancer is a major global health challenge that affects every nation and accounts for a large portion of the worldwide disease burden. Furthermore, cancer cases will rise significantly in the next few decades. The Food and Drug Administration has approved more than 600 drugs for treating diverse types of cancer. However, many conventional anticancer medications cause side effects, and drug resistance develops as the treatment proceeds with a concomitant impact on patients' quality of life. Thus, exploring natural products with antitumor properties and nontoxic action mechanisms is essential. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome has a long history of use in traditional medicine, and it contains biologically active compounds, gingerols and shogaols. The main ginger shogaol is 6-shogaol, whose concentration dramatically increases during the processing of ginger, primarily due to the heat-induced conversion of 6-gingerol. Some studies have demonstrated that 6-shogaol possesses biological and pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. The mechanism of action of 6-shogaol as an anticancer drug includes induction of paraptosis, induction of apoptosis, increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, induction of autophagy, and the inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling. Despite this knowledge, the mechanism of action of 6-shogaol is not fully understood, and the scientific data on its therapeutic dose, safety, and toxicity are not entirely described. This review article examines the potential of 6-shogaol as an anticancer drug, addressing the limitations of current medications; it covers 6-shogaol's attributes, mechanism of action in cancer cells, and opportunities for future research. This review article considers the following facts: (i) the current necessity for the development of natural anticancer medication, (ii) the ability of cancerous cells to develop resistance against conventional drugs, and (iii) that 6-shogaol has been shown to have effects against the progress of cancer in studies in vivo (in animal models). The comprehensive review aims to synthesize and analyze the progress in the knowledge of 6-shogaol as a potential anticancer drug and identify opportunities to continue the research.image