Selective NOx- Electroreduction to Ammonia on Isolated Ru Sites

Nitrate and nitrite (NOx-) are widespread contaminants in industrial wastewater and groundwater. Sustainable ammonia (NH3) production via NOx- electroreduction provides a prospective alternative to the energy-intensive industrialized Haber-Bosch process. However, selectively regulating the reaction pathway, which involves complicated electron/proton transfer, toward NH3 generation relies on the robust catalyst. A specific consideration in designing selective NOx--to-NH3 catalysts should meet the criteria to suppress competing hydrogen evolution and avoid the presence of neighboring active sites that are in favor of adverse N-N coupling. Nevertheless, efforts in this regard are still inadequate. Herein, we demonstrate that isolated ruthenium sites can selectively reduce NOx- into NH3, with maximal Faradaic efficiencies of 97.8% (NO2- reduction) and 72.8% (NO3- reduction) at -0.6 and -0.4 V, respectively. Density functional theory calculations simulated the reaction mechanisms and identified the *NO -> *NOH as the potential rate-limiting step for NOx-- to-NH3 conversion on single-atom Ru sites.