Vapour-deposited perovskite light-emitting diodes

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have garnered worldwide attention as a promising technology for the next generation of display devices. Although initial reports focused on laboratory-scale spin-coating techniques, rapid advances have prompted researchers to explore pathways for their scaled manufacture. Drawing inspiration from the success of organic LEDs, the community has begun to look at vapour deposition to build reliable PeLED displays. This Perspective article examines the development of vapour-deposited PeLEDs, particularly emphasizing the underlying factors that limit their performance compared with their solution-processed counterparts. We offer routes to improve device performance, including optimizing film quality and engineering device architecture, and summarize potential applications for vapour-deposited PeLEDs. Finally, we outline development opportunities in this evolving field. Taking inspiration from the success of organic light-emitting diodes (LEDs), vapour deposition holds promises for bringing perovskite LEDs closer to commercialization. This Perspective article highlights the main bottlenecks and challenges towards high-efficiency vapour-deposited perovskite LEDs, as well as the prospects on the route towards commercial displays.