The Second Moment Theory of Families of L-Functions-The Case of Twisted Hecke L-Functions

For a fairly general family of L-functions, we survey the known consequences of the existence of asymptotic formulas with power-saving error term for the (twisted) first and second moments of the central values in the family. We then consider in detail the important special case of the family of twists of a fixed cusp form by primitive Dirichlet characters modulo a prime q, and prove that it satisfies such formulas. We derive arithmetic consequences: center dot a positive proportion of central values L(f circle times X , 1/2) are non-zero, and indeed bounded from below; center dot there exist many characters x for which the central L-value is very large; center dot the probability of a large analytic rank decays exponentially fast. We finally show how the second moment estimate establishes a special case of a conjecture of Mazur and Rubin concerning the distribution of modular symbols.