Melamine in Iranian foodstuffs: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and health risk assessment of infant formula

The presence of melamine in food is one of the most significant threats to consumer health and food safety now confronting the communities. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the melamine content of different food products available on the Iranian market. The pooled melamine concentration (95% confidence interval) on 484 samples of animal-based foodstuffs was as follows: 0.22 (0.08, 0.36 mg kg-1) for milk, 0.39 (0.25, 0.53 mg kg- 1) for coffee mate, 1.45 (1.36, 1.54 mg kg- 1) for dairy cream, 0.90 (0.50, 1.29 mg kg- 1) for yoghurt, 1.25 (1.20, 1.29 mg kg- 1) for cheese, 0.81 (-0.16, 1.78 mg kg- 1) for hen eggs, 1.28 (1.25, 1.31 mg kg- 1) for poultry meat, 0.58 (0.35, 0.80 mg kg- 1) for chocolates, and 0.98 (0.18, 1.78 mg kg- 1) for infant formula. Based on the results of health risk assessment study on toddlers under 2 years old who ingested infant formula (as a melamine-sensitive group), all groups of toddlers are at an acceptable level of noncarcinogenic risk (THQ <= 1). Toddlers were classified according to their ILCR (carcinogenic risk) levels due to infant formula consumption as follows: under 6 months (0.0000056), 6-12 months (0.0000077), 12-18 months (0.0000102), and 18-24 months (0.0000117). The melamine carcinogenicity in infant formula for children had an ILCR value of 0.000001-0.0001 in the investigation, which was considerable risk. According to the findings, Iranian food products (notably infant formula) should be analyzed for melamine contamination on a regular basis.