Enteritis: a window to the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus in an adolescent girl: case report

BackgroundEnteritis is one of the rare systemic manifestations in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and its diagnosis is very challenging. This is a rare case of an adolescent girl with recurrent non-specific gastro-intestinal symptoms which were later diagnosed to be owing to lupus enteritis, the only presenting manifestation of an active flare.Case reportA 15-year-old girl was admitted with recurrent episodes of abdominal pain, vomiting and loose stools. She had diffuse abdominal tenderness. Abdominal ultrasonography demonstrated moderate ascites. A contrast-enhanced abdominal computerised tomography scan revealed thickening of the small bowel wall. On colonoscopy, there were rectal erosions, and microscopic examination of the biopsy specimens demonstrated mild inflammation. Non-specific enteritis was diagnosed and she was given antibiotics and supportive care. She was re-admitted 6months later with abdominal pain. An abdominal contrast-enhanced computerised tomography scan revealed thickening of the bowel wall and the target sign and comb sign in the small intestine. The anti-nuclear antibody was positive. Renal biopsy demonstrated grade 2 lupus nephritis. Lupus enteritis was diagnosed and the case satisfied the 2019 EULAR-ACR criteria and SLICC criteria. She was treated with methylprednisolone, cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine. She improved with treatment and has remained asymptomatic during follow-up.ConclusionThis case emphasises the need for healthcare providers to be alert to the possibility of lupus enteritis. It also highlights the importance of close follow-up of cases who have non-specific gastro-intestinal symptoms. Lupus enteritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent non-specific gastro-intestinal symptoms in children, especially adolescents, to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment.Abbreviations: ACR American College of Rheumatology; ANA anti-nuclear antibody; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: computerised tomography; CECT: contrast-enhanced computerised tomography; EULAR: European League Against Rheumatism; GI: gastro-intestinal; LE: lupus enteritis; SLE systemic lupus erythematosis; SLICC: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics; SLEDAI: SLE disease activity index.ConclusionThis case emphasises the need for healthcare providers to be alert to the possibility of lupus enteritis. It also highlights the importance of close follow-up of cases who have non-specific gastro-intestinal symptoms. Lupus enteritis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent non-specific gastro-intestinal symptoms in children, especially adolescents, to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment.Abbreviations: ACR American College of Rheumatology; ANA anti-nuclear antibody; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: computerised tomography; CECT: contrast-enhanced computerised tomography; EULAR: European League Against Rheumatism; GI: gastro-intestinal; LE: lupus enteritis; SLE systemic lupus erythematosis; SLICC: Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics; SLEDAI: SLE disease activity index.