Autophagy protects against Cd-induced cell damage in primary chicken hepatocytes via mitigation of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress

Cadmium (Cd) is widespread globally in the environment as a toxic metal. Although it is well known to induce hepatotoxicity in the cells, defense mechanisms against the detrimental effects of Cd are still unknown. We examined the role of autophagy (a cellular defense mechanism) on Cd-induced cytotoxicity in bird hepatocytes. Primary chicken hepatocytes were cultured with different concentrations (0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 & mu;M) of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) for 12 h. We assessed the effects of CdCl2 on the cell viability, antioxidant status, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, autophagy response and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Further, it is also evaluated that insight into underling molecular mechanisms involved in the study. In this study, CdCl2-induce hepatotoxicity was caused by drastically increased ROS generation as well as a reduction level of antioxidant enzymes. It was also demonstrated that marked activation of ER stress markers (GRP78, IRE1, PERK, ATF4, ATF6 and XBP-1 s) was observed. Simultaneously, increased activation of autophagy in low-dose CdCl2 (1 & mu;M) exposed group was observed, but high-dose CdCl2 (10 & mu;M) inhibited autophagy and significantly promoted apoptosis, as indicated by the expression of the autophagy related genes for P62, Beclin-1, ATG3, ATG5, ATG9, and the detection of autophagic vacuoles. Pretreatment with autophagy agonist Rapamycin (RAP) has successfully reduced ROS production, attenuated ER stress and enhanced hepatocytes viability, while the autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) had the opposite effect. Hence, these findings stipulate that Cd could inhibit viability of hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Autophagy relieves hepatotoxicity of Cd via reducing ROS generation and regulating ER stress. We identified autophagy as a novel protective mechanism involved in Cd-mediated chicken hepatotoxicity.