The Impact of Fiber Source on Digestive Function, Fecal Microbiota, and Immune Response in Adult Dogs

Simple Summary Dietary fiber has been widely recognized to have a profound impact on gut microbiota and health. However, the ideal fiber intake in dogs still needs to be determined. Fiber is not a single kind of molecule, but a plethora of compounds that are diverse in chemical composition and properties, including solubility, viscosity, and fermentability. Moreover, fiber can be provided in the diet by various fibrous sources that can also offer other bioactive molecules with potential health benefits. In this study, we tested two different diets in dogs, differing in the type of fiber source: derived from cereals or fruits. The results revealed the impacts of both diets on digestive function, lipid metabolism, intestinal fermentation, and fecal microbiota taxonomy, but with a differential footprint. While diets based on cereal fibers appeared to have a greater impact on the microbial ecosystem, diets based on fruit fibers could have additional modulatory properties. This study demonstrated that not only the level or solubility of dietary fiber was important but also the selection of fibrous ingredients in the design of health-promoting diets for dogs.Abstract This study evaluated the impact of different fiber sources on intestinal function, fecal microbiota, and overall health in dogs. Twelve dogs were used in a crossover design, involving three periods of 6 weeks and three diets: a low-fiber diet (CTR), a cereal-fiber and beet-pulp-supplemented diet (BRA), and a fruit-fiber-supplemented diet (FRU). Each period included a digestibility trial and fecal and blood sampling in the last week. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and microbiota taxonomy (16S rRNA Illumina-MiSeq) and functionality (Shotgun-NovaSeq 6000) were determined in the feces. General biochemistry, complete blood cells, and lymphocyte subsets were also analyzed. The fiber-supplemented diets showed lower digestibility without significant changes in the fecal consistency. The BRA diet showed higher total SCFA concentrations (p = 0.056), with increases in alpha diversity and particular beneficial genera, such as Lachnospira, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium. The BRA microbiota was also associated with an overabundance of genes related to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. The FRU diet had a distinct impact on the microbiota composition and functionality, leading to higher levels of CD8 lymphocytes. These findings emphasize the importance of selecting the right fiber source when formulating dog diets, as it can have a differential impact on gut microbiota and animal health.