Gastrointestinal, Liver, Pancreas, Oral and Psychological Long-term Symptoms of COVID-19 After Recovery: A Review

被引:6
作者
Afrisham, Reza [1 ]
Jadidi, Yasaman [1 ]
Davoudi, Maryam [1 ]
Moayedi, Kiana [2 ]
Soliemanifar, Omid [3 ]
Xirouchaki, Chrysovalantou Eleni [4 ,5 ]
Ashtary-Larky, Damoon [6 ]
Seyyedebrahimi, ShadiSadat [2 ]
Alizadeh, Shaban [7 ]
机构
[1] Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sch Allied Med, Dept Clin Lab Sci, Tehran, Iran
[2] Univ Tehran Med Sci, Fac Med, Dept Clin Biochem, Tehran, Iran
[3] Gen Dept Educ, Dept Educ, Khorramshahr, Khuzestan Prov, Iran
[4] Monash Univ, Monash Biomed Discovery Inst, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
[5] Monash Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia
[6] Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, Nutr & Metab Dis Res Ctr, Ahvaz, Iran
[7] Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sch Allied Med, Dept Hematol, Tehran, Iran
关键词
COVID-19; inflammation; long-term; mechanisms; liver; diabetes; SARS-CoV-2; CELL ENTRY; DISORDERS; ACE2; CYTOKINES; CORTISOL; TMPRSS2; INFLAMMATION; MECHANISMS; DEPRESSION; SURVIVORS;
D O I
10.2174/1389557523666221116154907
中图分类号
R914 [药物化学];
学科分类号
100701 ;
摘要
Due to the importance of control and prevention of COVID-19-correlated long-term symptoms, the present review article has summarized what has been currently known regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms linking COVID-19 to important long-term complications including psychological complications, liver and gastrointestinal manifestations, oral signs as well as even diabetes. COVID-19 can directly affect the body cells through their Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) to induce inflammatory responses and cytokine storm. The cytokines cause the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently initiate and promote cell injuries. Another way, COVID-19-associated dysbiosis may be involved in GI pathogenesis. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 reduces butyrate-secreting bacteria and leads to the induction of hyperinflammation. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress induces de novo lipogenesis in hepatocytes, which leads to hepatic steatosis and inhibits autophagy via increasing mTOR. In pancreas tissue, the virus damages beta-cells and impairs insulin secretion. SARS-COV-2 may change the ACE2 activity by modifying ANGII levels in taste buds which leads to gustatory dysfunction. SARS-CoV-2 infection and its resulting stress can lead to severe inflammation that can subsequently alter neurotransmitter signals. This, in turn, negatively affects the structure of neurons and leads to mood and anxiety disorders. In conclusion, all the pathways mentioned earlier can play a crucial role in the disease's pathogenesis and related comorbidities. However, more studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis of the new coming virus.
引用
收藏
页码:852 / 868
页数:17
相关论文
共 137 条
  • [1] OCD during COVID-19: Understanding clinical and non-clinical anxiety in the community
    Acenowr, Cohley P.
    Coles, Meredith E.
    [J]. PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH, 2021, 300
  • [2] Covid-19 and kidney injury: Pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms
    Ahmadian, Elham
    Hosseiniyan Khatibi, Seyed Mahdi
    Razi Soofiyani, Saiedeh
    Abediazar, Sima
    Shoja, Mohammadali M.
    Ardalan, Mohammadreza
    Zununi Vahed, Sepideh
    [J]. REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY, 2021, 31 (03)
  • [3] COVID-19, nausea, and vomiting
    Andrews, Paul L. R.
    Cai, Weigang
    Rudd, John A.
    Sanger, Gareth J.
    [J]. JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY, 2021, 36 (03) : 646 - 656
  • [4] [Anonymous], 2020, LANCET DIABETES ENDO, V8, P801, DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30315-6
  • [5] Risk of incident diabetes post-COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Banerjee, Mainak
    Pal, Rimesh
    Dutta, Sulagna
    [J]. PRIMARY CARE DIABETES, 2022, 16 (04) : 591 - 593
  • [6] Neuroinflammation in Mood Disorders: Role of Regulatory Immune Cells
    Bauer, Moises E.
    Teixeira, Antonio L.
    [J]. NEUROIMMUNOMODULATION, 2021, 28 (03) : 99 - 107
  • [7] Effects of psychotropic drugs on inflammation: consequence or mediator of therapeutic effects in psychiatric treatment?
    Baumeister, David
    Ciufolini, Simone
    Mondelli, Valeria
    [J]. PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY, 2016, 233 (09) : 1575 - 1589
  • [8] Prevalence and factors associated with psychological burden in COVID-19 patients and their relatives: A prospective observational cohort study
    Beck, Katharina
    Vincent, Alessia
    Becker, Christoph
    Keller, Annalena
    Cam, Hasret
    Schaefert, Rainer
    Reinhardt, Thomas
    Sutter, Raoul
    Tisljar, Kai
    Bassetti, Stefano
    Schuetz, Philipp
    Hunziker, Sabina
    [J]. PLOS ONE, 2021, 16 (05):
  • [9] TMPRSS2 Activates the Human Coronavirus 229E for Cathepsin-Independent Host Cell Entry and Is Expressed in Viral Target Cells in the Respiratory Epithelium
    Bertram, Stephanie
    Dijkman, Ronald
    Habjan, Matthias
    Heurich, Adeline
    Gierer, Stefanie
    Glowacka, Ilona
    Welsch, Kathrin
    Winkler, Michael
    Schneider, Heike
    Hofmann-Winkler, Heike
    Thiel, Volker
    Poehlmann, Stefan
    [J]. JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, 2013, 87 (11) : 6150 - 6160
  • [10] Sleep disorders and COVID-19
    Bhat, Sushanth
    Chokroverty, Sudhansu
    [J]. SLEEP MEDICINE, 2022, 91 : 253 - 261