Environmental distances are more important than geographic distances for predicting earthworm gut bacterial community composition

Distance-decay of similarity is one of the most widely studied patterns in biogeography. Both geographic distance and environmental distance can cause distance-decay of similarity in ecological communities. Here, we studied distance-decay relationships of bacteria in the gut of an earthworm species, Eisenia nordenskioldi, which is widely distributed in Eurasian boreal region. Using high-throughput sequencing, we investigated bacterial community composition in different gut sections, together with the surrounding soil. We specifically quantified the effects of geographic distance and environmental distance on distance-decay pattern of both soil and earthworm gut bacteria. Environmental distance significantly affected soil bacteria, and bacteria in the foregut and midgut of earthworms, with those in the foregut changing most, whereas geographic distance only significantly affected bacteria in the foregut of earthworms. Both, environmental and geographic distance explained bacterial com-munity composition in the gut of earthworms and in surrounding soil, with environmental distance being more important than geographic distance. The results indicate that bacteria in the foregut of earthworms are most sensitive to environmental changes than those in the other sections. Overall, the results suggest that homoge-nization processes during gut passage of earthworms contribute to similarity of soil microbial communities in space due to the production of casts of similar bacterial community composition.