Doped Ceria Nanomaterials: Preparation, Properties, and Uses

Doping is a powerful strategy for enhancing the performanceofceria (CeO2) nanomaterials in a range of catalytic, photocatalytic,biomedical, and energy applications. The present review summarizesrecent developments in the doping of ceria nanomaterials with metaland non-metal dopants for selected applications. The most importantmetal dopants are grouped into s, p, d, and f block elements, andthe relevant synthetic methods, novel properties, and key applicationsof metal doped ceria are collated and critically discussed. Non-metaldopants are similarly examined and compared with metal dopants usingthe same performance criteria. The review reveals that non-metal (N,S, P, F, and Cl) doped ceria has mainly been synthesized by calcinationand hydrothermal methods, and it has found applications mostly inphotocatalysis or as a cathode material for LiS batteries. In contrast,metal doped ceria nanomaterials have been prepared by a wider rangeof synthetic routes and evaluated for a larger number of applications,including as catalysts or photocatalysts, as antibacterial agents,and in devices such as fuel cells, gas sensors, and colorimetric detectors.Dual/co-doped ceria containing both metals and non-metals are alsoreviewed, and it is found that co-doping often leads to improved propertiescompared with single-element doping. The review concludes with a futureoutlook that identifies unaddressed issues in the synthesis and applicationsof doped ceria nanomaterials.