Sex-Specific Outcomes of Candidates Listed as the Highest Priority Status for Heart Transplantation

Background:While sex differences in heart transplantation (HT) waitlist mortality have been previously described, waitlist and HT outcomes by sex of patients in the highest urgency strata (Status 1) since implementation of the 2018 allocation system change in the United States are unknown. We hypothesized that women listed as Status 1 may have worse outcomes due to adverse events on temporary mechanical circulatory support. Methods:The analysis included adult, single-organ HT waitlist candidates listed as Status 1 at any time while listed, after the HT allocation system change (from October 18, 2018 through March 31, 2022). The primary outcome was the rate of HT by sex, assessed using multivariable competing risk analysis where waitlist removal for death or clinical deterioration was the competing event. Post-HT survival by sex of waitlist candidates transplanted as a Status 1 was also compared. Results:Of 1120 Status 1 waitlist candidates (23.8% women), women had a lower rate of HT compared to men (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.62-0.88]; P<0.001) and a higher rate of delisting for death or medical unsuitability (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.05-2.09]; P=0.026). Calculated panel reactive antibody did not account for all the harm observed. Post-HT survival of Status 1 candidates by sex was similar (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.62-2.06]; P=0.70). Conclusions:Women have a lower rate of HT and higher rate of delisting for death or clinical deterioration at the highest urgent status, which appears to be mediated but not fully explained by calculated panel reactive antibody levels. Further investigation into the safety profile of temporary mechanical circulatory support devices in women is needed.