Clinical and genetic investigation in patients with permanent congenital hypothyroidism

Background: Permanent congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is usually a more severe type of CH. However, the molecular etiology and clinical features of permanent CH remain unclear.Methods: We recruited 42 patients who were diagnosed with CH and followed-up after diagnosis. Demographic information and data at diagnosis and treatment were recorded. Genetic analyses were performed using whole exome sequencing. Based on the presence or absence of variants and differences in clinical features, we grouped the study participants and analyzed their characteristics. Results: A total of 29 patients (69.0 %) were identified as having variants potentially related to their disease. Among the 24 patients with normal-sized thyroid gland-in-situ (GIS) or goiter, 23 (95.8 %, P < 0.001) had variants. This is compared to 18 patients with thyroid dysgenesis (TD), of which six (33.3 %) had genetic variants. We detected 55 variants in six genes, the most frequently mutated gene being DUOX2 (70.9 %). Biallelic DUOX2 variants were detected in 14 of 24 (58.3 %) GIS or goiter patients. Compared to the cases with variants, the L-T4 dose at 2 and 3 years of age and current dose were higher in the unmutated cases. At 2 years of age, patients with TD required higher doses of L-T4 supplementation. Patients with DUOX2 variants showed lower doses of L-T4 being required at 2 and 3 years of age and current. Furthermore, patients with GIS or goiter with DUOX2 variants showed lower doses of L-T4.Conclusions: Patients with CH, whether TD or GIS or goiter, are at risk of developing a permanent condition. Compared with patients with TD, the detection of variants was higher in patients with GIS or goiter. The most frequently mutated gene was DUOX2, with a biallelic type. Patients with TD required higher doses of L-T4 supplementation with age, whereas those patients with the DUOX2 variant required relatively lower doses.