QCT-based 3D finite element modeling to assess patient-specific hip fracture risk and risk factors

Early assessment of hip fracture risk may play a critical role in designing preventive mechanisms to reduce the occurrence of hip fracture in geriatric people. The loading direction, clinical, and morphological variables play a vital role in hip fracture. Analyzing the effects of these variables helps predict fractures risk more accurately; thereby suggesting the critical variable that needs to be considered. Hence, this work considered the fall postures by varying the loading direction on the coronal plane (alpha) and on the transverse plane (beta) along with the clinical variables-age, sex, weight, and bone mineral density, and morphological variables-femoral neck axis length, femoral neck width, femoral neck angle, and true moment arm. The strain distribution obtained via finite element analysis (FEA) shows that the angle of adduction (alpha) during a fall increases the risk of fracture at the greater trochanter and femoral neck, whereas with an increased angle of rotation (beta) during the fall, the FRI increases by similar to 1.35 folds. The statistical analysis of clinical, morphological, and loading variables (alpha and beta) delineates that the consideration of only one variable is not enough to realistically predict the possibility of fracture as the correlation between individual variables and FRI is less than 0.1, even though they are shown to be significant (p< 0.01). On the contrary, the correlation (R-2= 0.48) increases as all variables are considered, suggesting the need for considering different variables fork predicting FRI. However, the effect of each variable is different. While loading, clinical, and morphological variables are considered together, the loading direction on transverse plane (beta) has high significance, and the anatomical variabilities have no significance.