Temperature and Fungicide Sensitivity in Three Prevalent Phytophthora Species Causing Phytophthora Root Rot in Rhododendron

Temperature is an important environmental variable affecting Phytophthora spp. biology. It alters the ability of species to grow, sporulate, and infect their plant host, and it is also important in mediating pathogen responses to disease control measures. Average global temperatures are increasing as a consequence of climate change, yet there are few studies that compare the effects of temperature on Phytophthora spp. that are important to the nursery industry. To address this, we conducted a series of experiments to evaluate how temperature affects the biology and control of three soilborne Phytophthora spp. prevalent in the nursery industry. In the first set of experiments, we evaluated the mycelial growth and sporulation of several Phytophthora cinnamomi, P. plurivora, and P. pini isolates at temperatures ranging from 4 to 42 degrees C for different amounts of time (0 to 120 h). In the second set of experiments, we evaluated the response of three isolates of each species to the fungicides mefenoxam and phosphorous acid at temperatures ranging from 6 to 40 degrees C. Results showed that each species responds differently to temperature, with P. plurivora having the greatest optimal temperature (26.6 degrees C), P. pini the least (24.4 degrees C), and P. cinnamomi was intermediate between the two (25.3 degrees C). P. plurivora and P. pini had the lowest minimum temperatures (approximately 2.4 degrees C) compared with P. cinnamomi (6.5 degrees C), while all three species had a similar maximum temperature (approximately 35 degrees C). When tested against mefenoxam, all three species were generally more sensitive to mefenoxam at cool temperatures (6 to 14 degrees C) than at warmer temperatures (22 to 30 degrees C). P. cinnamomi was also more sensitive to phosphorous acid at cool temperatures (6 to 14 degrees C). However, both P. plurivora and P. pini tended to be more sensitive to phosphorous acid at warmer temperatures (22 to 30 degrees C). These findings help define the temperatures at which these pathogens will be the most damaging and help delineate the temperatures at which fungicides should be applied for maximum efficacy.