Optimal nitrogen rate strategy for sustainable rice production in China

被引:138
作者
Cai, Siyuan [1 ,2 ]
Zhao, Xu [1 ]
Pittelkow, Cameron M. [3 ]
Fan, Mingsheng [4 ]
Zhang, Xin [5 ]
Yan, Xiaoyuan [1 ]
机构
[1] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci, State Key Lab Soil & Sustainable Agr, Changshu Natl Agroecosystem Observat & Res Stn, Nanjing, Peoples R China
[2] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China
[3] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Sci, Davis, CA USA
[4] China Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China
[5] Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Appalachian Lab, Frostburg, MD USA
基金
国家重点研发计划; 中国国家自然科学基金; 美国国家科学基金会;
关键词
ORGANIC-CARBON ACCUMULATION; FOOD SECURITY; N MANAGEMENT; AIR-QUALITY; EFFICIENCY; POLLUTION; EMISSION; INPUT; PADDY; GRAIN;
D O I
10.1038/s41586-022-05678-x
中图分类号
O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Avoiding excessive agricultural nitrogen (N) use without compromising yields has long been a priority for both research and government policy in China(1,2). Although numerous rice-related strategies have been proposed(3-5), few studies have assessed their impacts on national food self-sufficiency and environmental sustainability and fewer still have considered economic risks faced by millions of smallholders. Here we established an optimal N rate strategy based on maximizing either economic (ON) or ecological (EON) performance using new subregion-specific models. Using an extensive on-farm dataset, we then assessed the risk of yield losses among smallholder farmers and the challenges of implementing the optimal N rate strategy. We find that meeting national rice production targets in 2030 is possible while concurrently reducing nationwide N consumption by 10% (6-16%) and 27% (22-32%), mitigating reactive N (Nr) losses by 7% (3-13%) and 24% (19-28%) and increasing N-use efficiency by 30% (3-57%) and 36% (8-64%) for ON and EON, respectively. This study identifies and targets subregions with disproportionate environmental impacts and proposes N rate strategies to limit national Nr pollution below proposed environmental thresholds, without compromising soil N stocks or economic benefits for smallholders. Thereafter, the preferable N strategy is allocated to each region based on the trade-off between economic risk and environmental benefit. To facilitate the adoption of the annually revised subregional N rate strategy, several recommendations were provided, including a monitoring network, fertilization quotas and smallholder subsidies.
引用
收藏
页码:73 / +
页数:19
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