Effects of litter amount and seed sowing position on seedling emergence and growth of hemiparasitic Rhinanthus species under drought stress

center dot Roadside vegetation in Central Europe is mostly species-poor and dominated by a few grass species. Hemiparasitic plant species, including Rhinanthus spp., might effectively restrict grass growth, thereby making space for light-dependent herb species. Despite the significance of abiotic site conditions for plant establishment in general, their effects on Rhinanthus establishment are less well known. We investigated combined effects of water availability, litter amount and seed position within litter on Rhinanthus seedling emergence and growth. center dot Two parallel greenhouse experiments were conducted with R. angustifolius and R. minor. In these, we tested the impact of 200 or 400 g litter center dot m(-2) with seeds sown beneath or on top of a litter layer under constantly humid or intermittently dry conditions on seedling emergence and biomass production of Rhinanthus. center dot Presence of litter positively affected Rhinanthus seedling emergence when sown beneath the litter layer and reduced negative effects of water deficiency. Sowing beneath a litter layer increased seedling emergence by 157%, with similar effects at 200 and 400 g litter center dot m(-2). Water level did not affect biomass production. Compared to R. minor, R. angustifolius had higher mean biomass, and its seedlings emerged earlier and in higher numbers. center dot Our results indicate that Rhinanthus spp. react similarly to litter as non-hemiparasitic plant species from temperate grasslands. Litter presence positively influenced Rhinanthus seedling emergence and growth under intermittently dry conditions. Its hemiparasitic characteristics might reduce drought impacts on biomass production. To ensure seed contact with the soil surface, seeds should be sown when no litter is present, or mulching should occur post-sowing.