The Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature of calotropis procera Biochar on Dynamics of Petroleum Hydrocarbons Degradation, Carbon Emission, and Ammonia Volatilization in Artificial Petroleum-Contaminated Soil

Pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) is a current environmental challenge all over the world. Therefore, this study was established to evaluate the impact of calotropis procera biochar (CPB) produced at various pyrolysis temperatures on carbon emission, ammonia volatilization, degradation of PHCs, and properties of artificial petroleum-contaminated soil. An incubation experiment was performed with CPB produced at 400 degrees C (CPB400) and 650 degrees C (CPB650). The artificial petroleum-contaminated soil was amended with biochar at doses of 1, 2.5, and 5% along with the unamended soil (control) and incubated for 78 days. The results demonstrate that the CO2-C emission rate in petroleum-contaminated soil increases significantly with all biochar applications compared to the control treatment. Adding CPB400 into the soil, at all doses, decreased cumulative NH3 emission significantly, in comparison with control and CPB650 treatments during all incubation periods. Total PHCs concentration in the soil reduced significantly with CPB400 application at 2.5% compared to the control treatment. CPB400 was more effective in declining total PHCs content in the soil than biochar produced at 650 degrees C. Available phosphorus and potassium in petroleum-contaminated soil increased significantly under biochar applications compared with the control treatment. Using Calotropis procera biochar produced by low-temperature pyrolysis as an amendment can play a vital role in the remediation of PHCs in polluted soils, it is also a promising way to improve the quality indicators of petroleum-contaminated soil.