Potential impact of work from home jobs on residential energy bills: A case study in phoenix, AZ, USA

Nearly one-third of U.S. households face challenges paying energy bills. During the day, many residents have routine access to cooled environments provided by others-employers, shopping centers, and other public buildings. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, has significantly shifted the cost burden of air conditioning in hot cities. Specifically, during the pandemic, many com-panies either laid off employees or put them in work-from-home (WFH) assignments. Large tech companies are already promoting WFH as a long-term option for their employees, even after the pandemic. This change in the nature of the workforce might reduce daily travel expenses for workers, but could also significantly increase residential energy bills, particularly during summer in very hot climates. This study uses building energy simulations to quantify the potential resi-dential energy bill penalties resulting from WFH for typical residences in Phoenix. Four building archetypes are used in this study to represent variations in building vintage, occupancy, and characteristics. The results show that, for some single-family residences in Phoenix, WFH can increase annual energy bills by more than $1100 (up to a 70% increase). The study also dem-onstrates that building performance enhancement retrofit measures have the potential to reduce this WFH energy bill penalty for the existing buildings substantially.