Online learning amidst covid-19 pandemic - explicating the nexus between learners' characteristics, their learning environment and the learning outcomes in built environment studies

The onslaught of Covid-19 has fundamentally upended the landscape of learning in universities. Learners from diverse backgrounds were abruptly forced into the sphere of online learning. Therefore, question arises whether learners from different backgrounds or learners' characteristics, together with their learning environment, would impact the outcomes of online learning. Using Astin's Input-Environment-Outcome (I-E-O) model, this study aims to explicate the nexus between the learners' characteristics, their learning environment and outcomes of online learning. For this purpose, the instrument on Benchmarking Best Practices in Web-Based Courses has been adopted to capture the perception of online learners amidst the pandemic. A survey was administered digitally to students of Built Environment studies, namely the Architecture and Quantity Surveying programmes. Data from 187 respondents were analysed utilising mean analysis, factor analysis, correlation, as well as hierarchical multiple regression. Findings revealed that learners' characteristics did not correlate highly (r <= 0.50) with either the learning environment or the learning outcomes. However, learning environment was found to correlate strongly (r >= 0.50) with learning outcomes. Additionally, results from hierarchical multiple regression suggested that characteristics of learners, together with learning environment, positively influenced outcomes of online learning (R-2 = 0.679, p < 0.01). This interesting result offered alternative empirical evidence when compared to past study.