A Review of Translational Research for Targeted Therapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Simple Summary Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States with 20% of patients presenting with metastatic disease at time of diagnosis. Metastatic colon cancer is often treated with a combination of surgery, systemic therapy, and/or regional therapy. By utilizing the molecular and pathologic features of the primary tumor we can tailor treatment for patients to try and improve outcomes. Basic science work to elucidate new drug targets, understand mechanisms of evasion, and develop drugs and drug combinations is critical to inform clinical trials and identify novel, effective therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer. This review will focus on targeted therapy in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and how the translational research has advanced the field to improve outcomes for patients. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States, with 20% of patients presenting with metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis. Metastatic colon cancer is often treated with a combination of surgery, systemic therapy (chemotherapy, biologic therapy, immunotherapy), and/or regional therapy (hepatic artery infusion pumps). Utilizing the molecular and pathologic features of the primary tumor to tailor treatment for patients may improve overall survival. Rather than a "one size fits all" approach, a more nuanced treatment plan guided by the unique features of a patient's tumor and the tumor's microenvironment can more effectively treat the disease. Basic science work to elucidate new drug targets, understand mechanisms of evasion, and develop drugs and drug combinations is critical to inform clinical trials and identify novel, effective therapies for metastatic colorectal cancer. Through the lens of key targets for metastatic colorectal cancer, this review discusses how work in the basic science lab translates into clinical trials.