Interventional Management of Vascular Complications after Renal Transplantation

Background Kidney transplantations are increasing due to demographic changes and are the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease. Non-vascular and vascular complications may occur in the early phase after transplantation and at later stages. Overall postoperative complications after renal transplantations occur in approximately 12 % to 25 % of renal transplant patients. In these cases, minimally invasive therapeutic interventions are essential to ensure long-term graft function. This review article focuses on the most critical vascular complications after renal transplantation and highlights current recommendations for interventional treatment.Method A literature search was performed in PubMed using the search terms "kidney transplantation ", "complications ", and "interventional treatment ". Furthermore, the 2022 annual report of the German Foundation for Organ Donation and the EAU guidelines for kidney transplantation (European Association of Urology) were considered.Results and Conclusion Image-guided interventional techniques are favorable compared with surgical revision and should be used primarily for the treatment of vascular complications. The most common vascular complications after renal transplantation are arterial stenoses (3 %-12.5 %), followed by arterial and venous thromboses (0.1 %-8.2 %) and dissection (0.1 %). Less frequently, arteriovenous fistulas or pseudoaneurysms occur. In these cases, minimally invasive interventions show a low complication rate and good technical and clinical results. Diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up should be performed in an interdisciplinary approach at highly specialized centers to ensure the preservation of graft function. Surgical revision should be considered only after exhausting minimally invasive therapeutic strategies.