Flame structure and broadening in turbulent premixed jet flames

High-resolution and high signal-to-noise (SNR) planar Rayleigh scattering thermometry measurements are performed to investigate preheat and reaction zone broadening, turbulent transport of hightemperature gases, and the internal flame structure in a series of highly turbulent, lean ( phi = 0.75), premixed methane-air turbulent jet flames. These flames are characterized by turbulence intensities ranging from u ' /S L of 35 to 150 and turbulent Reynolds numbers approaching 10 4 , as determined from separate particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Average flame profiles obtained using a gradient-based flame reconstruction method and probability density functions (PDFs) of the preheat, reaction, and thermal layer thicknesses show substantial broadening of the preheat and thermal layers. Instantaneous preheat zones are broadened by as much as a factor of 30 compared to laminar flames, with an average broadening approaching a factor of 14 for the most turbulent case. Moderate broadening of the reaction layer is observed with up to a factor of eight times that of a laminar premixed flame for instantaneous realizations and an average broadening of four times that of a laminar flame for the most turbulent case. Conditional statistics of temperature obtained at isodistance contours within and upstream of the preheat zone show large shifts towards significantly higher temperatures compared to laminar flame values. In addition, broad temperature distributions and reduced thermal gradients at each position provide strong evidence of persistent turbulent transport of high-temperature gases ahead of the preheat zone. Finally, a detailed analysis of scalar dissipation rate statistics and dissipation layer topology was conducted. The conditional mean scalar dissipation rates for the turbulent flames show significant reductions compared to calculated laminar flame values and a shift towards higher values of the reaction progress variable ( C T ) for increasing turbulence levels. PDFs show a transition from near-Gaussian to highly negatively skewed with increasing turbulence levels, where the most probable values of the scalar dissipation rate shift towards higher values of C T , indicating that the primary reaction zone and flame front are subjected to increased strain. In terms of structure, no significant broadening of the small-scale dissipation layers was observed with increasing turbulence intensity. However, as turbulence intensity increases, there is a transition from a sparse number of continuous layers to a large number of shorter, "broken", nearly straight segments. The reduction of individual layer lengths (i.e., "breaking") is favored over increases in dissipation layer wrinkling, where the sharp decreases in the local dissipation rate values are highly correlated with regions of high curvature. A final notable outcome of this work is that there were negligible differences in all statistical and topological results when moving between the two highest turbulent cases, even though the turbulence intensity, turbulent Reynolds number, and the turbulence Karlovitz number increased substantially (70 - 120%). This implies that there may be an asymptotic limit in which turbulence affects flame behavior for the current configuration. (c) 2023 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.