Determination of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the body wall of Holothuria tubulosa by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Use of this bioindicator for the study of marine pollution

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are of increasing concern due to the ecotoxicological risk they pose to marine organisms. Bisphenols, parabens, and triclosan are especially noteworthy for their toxic and long-lasting impact on the environment. The present research evaluates the presence and bioaccumulation of 20 EDCs (12 bisphenol homologues, 7 parabens and triclosan) in the body wall of Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin 1791 specimens by using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This part of the sea cucumber is used by humans as food, mainly in Asian Eastern countries. The key variables in ultrasound-assisted compound extraction and chromatographic processes were optimized. The method was validated, obtaining acceptable analytical parameters according to the used guide. The linearity of the method was statistically validated (R-2 > 99% and P-lof > 5% in all cases). The limits of detection were between 0.1 and 0.7 ng g(-1) and the limits of quantification were between 0.5 and 2 ng g(-1). For the determination of the accuracy (trueness and precision) of the method, a recovery test was performed. Recovery rates ranged from 85.6% to 112.3%, and precision (in terms of standard deviation) was less than 15% in all cases. Specimens of Holothuria tubulosa Gmelin 1791 collected from 7 sampling areas on the Southern Coast of Spain were analyzed. The results revealed the presence of multiple compounds in all samples, with bisphenol A being the predominant bisphenol (100% of the samples) and methylparaben the most abundant paraben. Highest concentrations were found in areas with greater anthropogenic activity, indicating a situational trend. This study underscores the value of Holothuria tubulosa as a bioindicator of marine contamination, raising awareness about the presence and harmful effects of EDCs on marine life and emphasizing the need for conservation and protection strategies for aquatic ecosystems.