Eco-friendly and smart spectrophotometric approaches for quality control analysis of one of β-blockers in their dosage

The pharmaceutical industry's rapid progress has spurred the demand for diverse analysis approaches within quality control laboratories to investigate approved drug combinations. Antihypertensive drugs, especially betablockers (BB), represent a significant pharmaceutical group, with increasing consumption. The presented research resolves spectral overlay for important binary combination of Propranolol hydrochloride (PRO) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) which its zero order spectrums exhibit interference with a lack of iso-absorptive points, throughout three proposed approaches: Induced Dual Wavelength (IDW), Absorptivity Factor (alpha-factor), and Amplitude Factor (P -factor). These approaches enable simultaneous spectrophotometric identification of binary mixture without prior separation, with good linearity ranges of (1.5-25) mu g/mL (2.0-25) mu g/mL for (PRO) and (HCT). The outputs of quality control laboratories involve multiple solvents and reagents, leading to the production of toxic waste that affects the environment and society. While BBs are safe for human and veterinary use, their impact on ecosystems cannot be ignored, thus this research highlights the importance of eco-friendly and smart spectrophotometric approaches for simultaneous identification of the most important beta-blockers combination with minimal waste and energy consumption. Greenness and Whiteness aspects of proposed approaches are assessed via three Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) metrics: Analytical Greenness Metric approach (AGREE), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI Index) and Red -Green -Blue (RGB) model.