Effective removal of methylene blue with zero-valent iron/tea residual biochar composite: Performance and mechanism

Zero-valent iron (Fe-0)-modified biochar (BFN) was prepared via low-temperature pyrolysis of tea residue (TR) and ferric nitrate hexahydrate (FN) coupled with NaOH activation for the removal of methylene blue (MB). BFN exhibited a specific surface area of 382.66 m(2)center dot g(-1), an average pore diameter of 4.97 nm and an equilibrium adsorption capacity as high as 452.5 mg center dot g(-1) of 0.33 g center dot L-1 toward 150 mg center dot L-1 MB within 60 min at 30 degrees C and pH 7.0. The recovered MB is far below of the removal rate in each of adsorption-desorption cycle because the removal mechanism is that MB molecular was firstly chemically adsorbed, then it was reduced and mineralized by BFN with the formation of nitrate, sulfate, CO2 and H2O.