Coordination Chemistry of Large-Sized Yttrium Single-Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Although being transition metals, the Fenton-inactive group 3-4 elements (Sc, Y, La, Ti, Zr, and Hf) can easily lose all the outermost s and d electrons, leaving behind ionic sites with nearly empty outermost orbitals that are stable but inactive for oxygen involved catalysis. Here, it is demonstrated that the dynamic coordination network can turn these commonly inactive ionic sites into platinum-like catalytic centers for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Using density functional theory calculations, a macrocyclic ligand coordinated yttrium single-atom (YN4) moiety is identified, which is originally ORR inactive because of the too strong binding of hydroxyl intermediate, while it can be activated by an axial ligand X through the covalency competition between Y-X and Y-OH bonds. Strikingly, it is also found that the binding force of the axially coordinated ligand is an effective descriptor, and the chlorine ligand is screened out with an optimal binding force that behaves self-adaptively to facilitate each ORR intermediate steps by dynamically changing its Y-Cl covalency. These experiments validate that the as-designed YN4-Cl moieties embedded within the carbon framework exhibit a high half-wave potential (E-1/2 = 0.85 V) in alkaline media, the same as that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst .