Multilevel selection on mitochondrial genomes

Mitochondria are vital organelles for life in eukaryotes, taking centre stage in the process of cellular respiration. This process is regulated via a series of finely coordinated obligate interactions of molecules encoded by two genomes: nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA. Both genomes are required to work harmoniously to provide cellular energy, with detrimental consequences occurring when there is miscommunication between them. Whilst the need for cooperation is strong, vast differences between genomes (ploidy, size, and inheritance) create an arena for conflict. Here, we examine the varying levels of selection operating on the mitochondrial genome and the consequences they have on all these levels. We conclude by highlighting the potential for conflict when selection at different levels is driven by different evolutionary forces.