Influence of agricultural activities and seasonality on levels of selected physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals along River Yala in Lake Victoria Basin

The aim of the work was to establish the effect of anthropogenic activities and seasonality on physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal levels of River Yala (RY) within RY Basin of Lake Victoria (LV), as well as the associated ecological risks. Analyses were done on the collected samples in order to establish the levels of EC, pH, DO, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, acidity, alkalinity, BOD, COD, DOC, TOC and heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Zn, Cr and Cd) in RY water and sediments adjacent to Agricultural Farms during dry and wet seasons. The levels in terms of mu g/mL, mu S/cm (EC), NTU (turbidity) of analyzed parameters in the Agricultural Farms in water ranged from 0.01 +/- 0.00 to 121.75 +/- 15.23 (Upstream pristine sources of RY - S), 0.02 +/- 0.01 to 184.83 +/- 23.43 (Nandi Tea Estate and Kaimosi Agricultural Farms - N), 0.02 +/- 0.01 to 149.67 +/- 22.77 (Subsistence Farms - Sub), 0.02 +/- 0.01 to 209.33 +/- 18.09 (Lake Agro Limited Agricutural Farms and Yala Swamp - D) and 0.01 +/- 0.00 to 164.25 +/- 30.33 (Terminal of RY - T). The levels in mu g/g of analyzed parameters in sediments ranged from 7.2 +/- 1.46 to 3342.8 +/- 538.7 (S), 9.12 +/- 0.2 to 4063.2 +/- 90.4 (N), 3.15 +/- 1.14 to 5998.5 +/- 588.4 (Sub), 2.03 +/- 0.76 to 4519.8 +/- 194.9 (D) and 2.13 +/- 0.75 to 5514.4 +/- 201.4 (T). The significant differences in the levels of analyzed parameters in water between dry and wet seasons were computed as; EC (+20.54 mu S/cm), alkalinity (-2.85 mu g/mL), DOC (+0.24 mu g/mL), Fe (+0.58 mu g/mL), Pb (+0.11 mu g/mL), Zn (+0.07 mu g/mL) and Cd (+0.01 mu g/mL) while that for Mn in sediment samples was +163.8937 mu g/g. The significantly (p <= 0.05) positive values indicated that wet season had more impact on the levels than dry season. There was positive correlation of zinc in water and sediments during dry and wet season. Chromium correlated positively in water and sediments during wet season. Copper and cadmium correlated negatively during dry and wet season while Mn only wet season. Results of geostatistical indices (CF, Cd, mCd, PLI, Er and RI) indicated that sediments located at regions N, D and T were highly contaminated with the heavy metals. However, a wetland at the mouth of Lake Victoria cleaned the water before it drained into the lake. Therefore, despite contamination of RY through anthropogenic activities, wetland mitigation protects LV from pollution by the river, indicating the important ecological and restorative functions played by wetlands.