Frequency dependence of ultrasonic effects on the kinetics of hen egg white lysozyme fibrillation

Our study aimed to investigate the effects of ultrasound on the fibrillation kinetics of HEWL (hen egg white lysozyme) and its physicochemical properties. Ultrasound, a mechanical wave, can induce conformational changes in proteins. To achieve this, we developed an ultrasound exposure system and used various biophysical techniques, including ThT fluorescence spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR, Far-UV CD spectrophotometry, Fluorescence microscopy, UV-spectroscopy, and seeding experiments. Our results revealed that higher frequencies signifi-cantly accelerated the fibrillation of lysozyme by unfolding the native protein and promoting the fibrillation process, thereby reducing the lag time. We observed a change in the secondary structure of the sonicated protein change to the beta-structure, but there was no difference in the Tm of native and sonicated proteins. Furthermore, we found that higher ultrasound frequencies had a greater seeding effect. We propose that the effect of frequency can be explained by the impact of the Reynolds number, and for the Megahertz frequency range, we are almost at the transition regime of turbulence. Our results suggest that laminar flows may not induce any significant change in the fibrillation kinetics, while turbulent flows may affect the process.