The influence of almond?s water activity and storage temperature on Salmonella survival and thermal resistance

This study investigated the effects of inoculation method, water activity (aw), packaging method, and storage temperature and duration on the survival of Salmonella on almonds as well as their resistance to subsequent thermal treatments. Whole almond kernels were inoculated with a broth-based or agar-based growth Salmonella cocktail and conditioned to aw of 0.52, 0.43 or 0.27. Inoculated almonds with aw of 0.43 were treated with a previously validated treatment (4 h of dry heat at 73 degrees C) to determine the potential differences in heat resistance resulted from the two inoculation methods. The inoculation method did not significantly (P > 0.05) impact the thermal resistance of Salmonella. Inoculated almonds at aw of 0.52 and 0.27 were either vacuum packaged in moisture-impermeable mylar bags or non-vacuum packaged in moisture-permeable polyethylene bags before stored at 35, 22, 4, or-18 degrees C for up to 28 days. At selected storage intervals, almonds were measured for aw, analyzed for Salmonella population level, and subjected to dry heat treatment at 75 degrees C. Over the month-long storage of almonds, Salmonella populations remained almost unchanged (<0.2 log CFU/g) at 4 degrees C and-18 degrees C and declined slightly (<0.8 log CFU/g) at 22 degrees C and more substantially (1.6-2.0 log CFU/g) at 35 degrees C regardless of the inoculation method, packaging method, and almond aw. When stored at 35 degrees C, almonds with initial aw of 0.52 had significantly higher (P < 0.05) Salmonella reductions than those with initial aw of 0.27. Prior storage of almonds vacuum packaged in mylar bags at temperatures between-18 degrees C and 35 degrees C for 28 days affected their aw levels but did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect the subsequent thermal resistance of Salmonella at 75 degrees C regardless of almond aw and storage duration. Salmonella on almonds with higher aw was more sensitive to heat treatment than those with lower aw. To achieve >5 log CFU/g reductions of Salmonella, a dry heat treatment at 75 degrees C for 4 and 6 h was needed for almonds with initial aw of 0.52 and 0.27, respectively. When applying the dry heating technology for almond decontamination, the processing time needs to be determined based on initial aw of almonds regardless of storage condition or age of almonds within the current design frame.