Central Sensitisation Inventory-Thai version: translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric evaluation in chronic non-specific neck pain

PurposeTo translate and cross-culturally adapt the English version of the Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI) into Thai (CSI-Thai) and to evaluate its psychometric properties in individuals with chronic non-specific neck pain.Materials and methodsCross-cultural translation and adaptation of the CSI were performed according to standard guidelines. A total of 340 participants were invited to complete the CSI-Thai, Visual Analogue Scale (pain intensity), Neck Disability Index, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS), and Short Form-36. Psychometric evaluation included confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, agreement, and construct validity.ResultsDimensionality analyses indicated that a bifactor model, comprising one general factor plus four orthogonal factors, fit the CSI structure better than unidimensional and the four-factor models. The general factor showed substantial reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.91, Omega omega = 0.94, and omega hierarchical omega-h = 0.91). The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90, representing excellent stability over a 48 h interval. Moderate-to-strong correlations and acceptable-to-excellent discriminations were found between the CSI-Thai and all questionnaires. The exception was the PCS (no correlation and discrimination). The standard error of measurement and minimal detectable change of the CSI-Thai were 2.33 and 6.47, respectively.ConclusionsThe translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the CSI-Thai were successful, with satisfactory reliability and construct validity.