A Review of Bidirectional Charging Grid Support Applications and Battery Degradation Considerations

Electric vehicles (EVs) are crucial in mitigating global emissions by replacing internal combustion engines. The capacity of EV batteries, coupled with their charging infrastructure, offers the added advantage of supplying flexible demand capacity and providing demand response benefits to the power grid, which is essential as overall demand increases. EVs ready for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) applications and chargers that support them enhance this flexibility by allowing for varied storage applications. However, to fully harness these benefits, it is vital to consider EV drivers' charging habits and optimize the charging and discharging controls to minimize battery life impact. This study examines various V2X applications in North America and their effects on battery longevity, considering EV charging patterns. Additionally, it investigates advanced aging-aware optimization algorithms for managing bidirectional charging.