Effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on transport of non-degradable agricultural film microplastics

Mulch film microplastics (MPs) could act as a vector for agricultural chemicals due to their long-term presence in farmland environments. As a result, this study focuses on the adsorption mechanism of three neonicotinoids on two typical agricultural film MPs, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), as well as the effects of neon-icotinoids on the MPs transport in quartz sand saturated porous media. The findings revealed that the adsorption of neonicotinoids on PE and PP was a combination of physical and chemical processes, including hydrophobic, electrostatic and hydrogen bonding. Acidity and appropriate ionic strength (IS) were favorable conditions for neonicotinoid adsorption of on MPs. The results of column experiments showed that the presence of neon-icotinoids, particularly at low concentrations (0.5 mmol L-1), could promote the transport of PE and PP in the column by improving the electrostatic interaction and hydrophilic repulsion of particles. The neonicotinoids would be adsorbed on MPs through hydrophobic action preferentially, whereas excessive neonicotinoids could cover the hydrophilic functional groups on the surface of MPs. Neonicotinoids reduced the response of PE and PP transport behavior to pH changes. 0.005 mol L-1 NaCl ameliorated the migration of MPs by increasing their stability. Because of its highest hydration ability and the bridging effect of Mg2+, Na+ had the most prominent transport promoting effect on PE and PP in MPs-neonicotinoid. This study shows that the increased environ-mental risk caused by the coexistence of microplastic particles and agricultural chemicals is unneglectable.