Activation of the Keap1/Nrf 2 Pathway as an Adaptive Response to an Electrophilic Metabolite of Morphine

Morphinone (MO) is an electrophilic metabolite of morphine that covalently binds to protein thiols via its alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group, resulting in toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Our previous studies identified a variety of redox signaling pathways that are activated during electrophilic stress. Here, we examined in vitro activation of a signaling pathway involving Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear fac-tor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in response to MO. Exposure of HepG2 cells to MO caused covalent modification of Keap1 thiols (evaluated using biotin-PEAC5-maleimide labeling) and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, thereby up-regulating downstream genes encoding ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 2, solute carrier family 7 member 11, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, glutathione S-transferase alpha 1, and heme oxygenase 1. However, dihydromorphinone, a metabo-lite of morphine lacking the reactive C7-C8 double bond, had little effect on Nrf2 activation. These results suggest that covalent modification is crucial in the Keap1/Nrf 2 pathway activation and that this pathway is a redox signaling-associated adaptive response to MO metabolism.