Review of planning, land use, and zoning barriers to the construction of Transit-oriented developments in the United States

Through a literature review and national surveys of transit agencies and local governments in the United States, this study contributes to the planning and policy research by identifying the major planning, land use, and zoning barriers to the construction of transit-oriented developments (TODs) in the US. It also discusses strategies suggested by the literature, the local governments, and the transit agencies to address these barriers. Select strategies include: provide flexible parking standards and uses in the TODs; shift the focus from ground-floor retail in a TOD to the broader objective, an active ground floor; and consider TOD a transit infrastructure for land acquisition purposes.