Analysis of several reduction strategies on a two-echelon sustainable supply chain model with triangular fuzzy demand

This article considers a two-level sustainable supply chain model with carbon emission under an uncertain/fuzzy environment. In most industries, setup costs are always considered an unnecessary expense, so in order to reduce that cost, many reduction (investments) strategies are studied in the literature. However, no research has been done to examine which investment strategy is most beneficial. Therefore, in this study, we have analyzed three different investment functions in three different cases. The main objective of this study is to maximize the total profit of the supply chain by optimizing the optimal values of the decision variables. Moreover, the product's demand rate is considered a triangular fuzzy number to address the uncertainty. The centroid method is used for the defuzzification process. Five numerical examples and their discussions are given to evaluate the model. Finally, the managerial insights and conclusions with future directions are provided.