Long-term effects of running exercises on natural grass, artificial turf, and synthetic surfaces on ground reaction force components in individuals with overpronated feet: A randomized controlled trial

Background: Overpronated feet are associated with alteration of lower limb mechanics. Also, quantifying ground reaction force -related changes due to exercise on different surfaces is important for understanding the potential risk of injuries. Research question: What are the long-term effects of running exercises on natural grass, artificial turf, and synthetic surfaces on ground reaction force components in individuals with overpronated feet? Methods: Of 82 contacted individuals with overpronated feet aged 18-30, 22 were excluded because they did not meet inclusion criteria (20), and two declined to participate. Sixty individuals were included in randomization, the control (n = 15), hard court or synthetic surface (n = 15), natural grass (n = 15), and artificial turf (n = 15) groups. There was a sample loss of 8 individuals because of personal problems (2 in each group). The intervention groups performed running exercises on natural grass, artificial turf, and synthetic surfaces over eight weeks, three sessions per week. No training or test -related injuries were reported throughout the study. A force plate was embedded midway through the 18 -running concrete path to collect ground reaction force data while running on stable ground before and after interventions. Results: Findings demonstrated significant group -by -time interactions for vertical loading rate (p = 0.016, ETA=0.297). Post -hoc analyses showed increased loading rate amplitude in two natural grass and artificial turf groups (but not in the control and synthetic surface groups) post -intervention. Significance: Running training on natural grass and artificial turf surfaces may place individuals with overpronated feet at a higher risk of injury while running on a stable surface.