IoT and ML-based automatic irrigation system for smart agriculture system

The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning (ML) technologies has triggered smart agricultural systems. In smart agriculture, irrigation management plays a major role to reduce water waste. The monitoring settings, hardware modules, communication technology, and storage systems used in smart irrigation systems were analyzed to determine the optimal nature of water flow. This assessment aims to give an overview of the current state of the irrigation system by taking into account weather and soil moisture. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the utilization of various hardware modules in smart irrigation systems. Moreover, various communication technologies that aid in data transfer for efficient smart irrigation are reviewed. The ML method used for prediction is also evaluated, as well as based storage technologies like the cloud and databases used to store data for predictive irrigation systems. As a result, the paper provides an overview of all the factors that contribute to irrigation systems' smart operation as well as potential future paths for improving agricultural systems through IoT.