Long-term recurrence rate in anterior shoulder instability after Bankart repair based on the on- and off-track concept

Background: Since its first proposal, the concept of on-and off-track lesions in anterior shoulder instability has gained clinical rele-vance as a tool to predict the failure rate of arthroscopic Bankart repair. Current literature only reports either short-term follow-up or long-term results of small sample sizes. The aim of this study was to provide a long-term evaluation of recurrent instability following arthroscopic Bankart repair in a large cohort using the on-track vs. off-track concept as a predictor for failure.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 271 patients who underwent primary arthroscopic Bankart repair for anterior shoulder instability between 1998 and 2007. All patients with a minimum follow-up of 78 months and a preoperative computed tomographic (CT) or mag-netic resonance imaging (MRI) scan were included into the study. Preoperative CT and/or MRI scans were used to determine the glenoid track and width of Hill-Sachs lesion. Recurrence of instability was defined as presence of instability symptoms (dislocation, subluxation, and/or apprehension) or revision surgery (stabilization procedure) and was assessed as the primary outcome parameter.Results: The glenoid track of 163 shoulders was assessed (female n = 51, male n = 112) with a mean follow-up of 124 months (99.4-145.6, standard deviation = 2.5) and a mean age of 24 years (20-34.). An off-track Hill-Sachs lesion was found in 77 cases (47%), and in 86 cases (53 %) it was on-track. The rate of recurrent instability in the off-track group was 74% (n = 57) compared with 27% (n = 23) in the on-track group (P < .001). The overall rate of revision surgery due to instability was 29% (n = 48) after a mean time of 50.9 months (+/- 42.8) following Bankart repair. The rate of revision surgery in the off-track group was 48% (n = 37) after a mean of 53.5 months (+/- 42.0) vs. 13% (n = 11) after 42.3 months (+/- 46.3) in the on-track group (P < .001).Conclusion: This study shows that the on-and off-track concept helps to distinguish patients for whom an isolated arthroscopic Bankart repair yields long-term benefits. Because of the high rate of recurrent instability in the off-track group, an off-track lesion should be treated surgically in such a way that the off-track lesion is converted into an on-track lesion. Level of Evidence: Level III; Retrospective Cohort Comparison; Prognosis Study (c) 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).