Tourism and sustainable development: a bibliometric and complex systems methodology approach

Tourism is a significant economic activity, but its complex relationships with the environment and natural resources raise concerns about sustainability. This study explores the interplay between natural, cultural, and social capital in sustainable tourism development systems (STDS) using a Complex Systems methodology, specifically Causal Loop Diagrams (CLD). The results demonstrate that tourism management and development can enhance sustainable development, but tourism's impact is mixed. Positive impacts include increased local economic development, cultural tourism, and protected areas. Negative impacts include increased environmental pollution, negative impact on indigenous culture, and a complex relationship with social capital. This systemic model contributes to formulating policies for sustainable economic development in tourist destinations. It highlights the need for integrated management approaches that balance economic, environmental, and social objectives.