Fe-g-C3N4/reduced graphene oxide lightless application for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation and pollutant mineralization: Comprehensive exploration of reactive sites

To overcome the shortcomings of homogeneous Fe ion activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS), such as high pH-dependence, limited cycling of Fe(III)/Fe(II) and sludge production, graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is chosen as a support for Fe ions, and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is employed to facilitate the electron transfer process, thereby enhancing catalysis. Herein, a ternary catalyst, Fe-g-C3N4/rGO, is first applied under lightless condition for PMS activation, which exhibits ideal performance for contaminant mineralization. 82.5 % of the total organic carbon (TOC) in 100 mL of 5 mg/L bis-phenol A (BPA) was removed within 20 min by the optimal catalyst named 30%rFe(0.2)CN, which shows a strong pH adaptability over the range of 3-11 compared with a common Fenton-like system. Moreover, the highly stable Fe-g-C3N4/rGO/PMS catalytic system resists complex water matrices, especially those with high turbidity. To unveil the mechanism of PMS activation and pollutant degradation, the physicochemical properties of the asprepared catalysts are comprehensively characterized by multiple techniques. The Fe(III) contained in both the Fe-N group and alpha-Fe2O3 component of 30%rFe(0.2)CN not only directly reacts with PMS to produce sulfate radicals (center dot SO4-) and hydroxyl radicals (center dot OH), but also combines with PMS to form the essential [Fe(III)OOSO3](+) active complex, thereby generating superoxide radicals (center dot O-2(-)) and singlet oxygen (O-1(2)). Among the various reactive oxidizing species, O-1(2) plays an important role in pollutant removal, which is additionally generated by the C=O moiety of the catalyst activating PMS as well as PMS self-oxidation, indicating the dominance of the non-radical pathway in the pollutant degradation process. Due to the advantages of high efficiency, wide pH adaptability and stability, the proposed lightless Fe-g-C3N4/rGO/PMS catalytic system represents a promising avenue for practical wastewater purification.