Effect of pulsation parameters on the spatial and temporal variation of flow and heat transfer characteristics in liquid metal cross flow the in-line tube bundle

Liquid metal has a broad application prospect in tube bundle heat exchangers because of its excellent thermal conductivity. However, conventional in-line tube bundle arrangements often exhibit limited secondary flow, so new methods are urgently needed to improve heat transfer. The topic of this paper is to combine two methods, liquid metal cross flow tube bundle and pulsating flow, to improve the heat transfer performance in-line tube bundles. Firstly, the applicability of the model was validated through experimental data from existing literature, encompassing overall flow dynamics, heat transfer performance, and circumferential pressure distribution around the tubes. Subsequently, numerical simulations are conducted involving liquid metal cross flow in-line tube bundles at varying pulsating frequencies, amplitudes, and Reynolds numbers. Circumferential pressure distributions and temperature profiles for individual tubes were analyzed and compared. The amplitude of reduction in thermal resistance compared to the no-oscillation condition increases gradually from a minimum of 8 % in the first row to a maximum of 40 % in the third row, while the reduction in the rear row of tubes is similar to that of the third row. Remarkably, a reversal in the trend of thermal resistance for the first three rows of tubes under pulsating flow were observed, contrasting conventional flow except for the case with an amplitude of 0.1. By analyzing the local transient flow field distribution near single tube and the corresponding circumferential heat transfer performance, the influence of the vortex evolution characteristics on the heat transfer performance at different phases of the pulsating velocity is revealed, which transient Nu is up to three times that of flow with no pulsating. Finally, a series of coherence analyses reveal that as frequency rises, turbulence exhibits a richer spectrum of small-scale vortex structures, intricately linked to enhanced energy cascade efficiency. Amplitude augmentation intensifies velocity fluctuations, particularly at high amplitudes, resulting in substantial energy peak amplification. The integrated heat transfer performance PEC factor varies in the range of 1.25 to 1.51 for all the conditions simulated in this paper, which indicates that the liquid metal coupled pulsating flow approach can significantly increase the comprehensive performance of the tube bundle heat exchangers. These findings hold significant promise for advancing heat exchanger design and enhancing thermal efficiency, with implications for various engineering applications.