The dynamics of impinging plumes from a moving source

We present the results from a series of experiments investigating the dynamics of gravity currents which form when a dense saline or particle-laden plume issuing from a moving source interacts with a horizontal surface. We define the dimensionless parameter Pasthe ratio of the source speed,ua, to the buoyancy speed,(B-0/z(0))(1/3), where B(0 )and z(0 )are the source buoyancy flux and height above the horizontal surface, respectively. Using our experimental data, we determine that the limiting case in which P=P-c the gravity current only spreads downstream of the initial impact point occurs when P-c=0.83 +/- 0.02. ForP<P-c, from our experiments we observe that the plume forms a gravity current that spreads out in all directions from the point of impact and the propagation of the gravity current is analogous to a classical constant-flux gravity current. For P>P-c, we observe that the descending plume is bent over and develops a pair of counter-rotating line vortices along the axis of the plume. The ensuing gravity current spreads out downstream of the source, normal to the motion of the source. Analogous processes occur with particle-ladenplumes, but there is a second dimensionless parameter S, the ratio of the particle fall speed,vs, to the vertical speed of a plume in a crossflow,(B-0/u(a)z(0))(1/2).ForS <= 1, particles remain well mixed in the plume and a particle-driven gravity current develops. ForS <= 1,particles separate from the plume prior to impacting the boundary which leads to a fall deposit and no gravity current. We discuss these results in the context of deep-sea mining