Perceptions of online learning for learners of English as a foreign language during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the post-pandemic future

This study investigates the structural relationships among the constructs comprising English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' perception (i.e., psychological needs, intrinsic motivation, satisfaction, and loyalty) regarding online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as their intention to continue learning EFL online after the pandemic. Using partial least squares structural equation modelling, nine research hypotheses were tested, based on an online survey completed by 154 college students in Taiwan. The psychological needs of competence and autonomy were significant to intrinsic motivation; however, relatedness was negatively related to motivation. EFL learners' intrinsic motivation to learn English significantly affected their satisfaction and loyalty (which were significantly related) to learning it online; nevertheless, such motivation and loyalty may not ensure that they will continue to use it after the pandemic. EFL learners' competence could be critical in enhancing their intrinsic motivation to learn English online during the pandemic, whereas their willingness to continue learning online may not be significantly affected by their intrinsic motivation, satisfaction, and loyalty towards online courses.